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Health Issues:
Written by: Jeff Vidt, DVM


Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)


*There is a PowerPoint presentation in the VetsOnly Section that contains more pictures and information for veterinarians.

While the vast majority of the episodes of Familial Shar-Pei Fever (FSF) seen in Shar-Pei run a fairly benign course there are occasional exceptions which can have live-threatening consequences.  Over the last few years Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) has been seen more frequently as a complication of FSF in the Chinese Shar-Pei.  STSS involves infection with a group G streptococcus called Streptococcus canis. In the Shar-Pei cases I've seen this streptococcal infection is a rapidly progressing, highly invasive process which results in a necrotizing faciitis and/or STSS leading to a shock-like syndrome and multi-organ failure.  If not recognized early STSS can lead to death in 24 hours or less.  A similar syndrome has been seen in human medicine, the so-called "flesh-eating bacteria". 

Necrotizing Faciitis
I consider this a localized form of streptococcal infection.  Dogs with NF tend to develop extensive soft tissue sloughing along fascial planes.  Fascia is dense connective tissue which covers the muscles.  Usually this syndrome presents as large areas of skin and the underlying fatty tissue dying and peeling away, hence it has been called "flesh eating bacteria".  Many of these dogs will survive with debridement or clearing away of the dead tissue, but healing is prolonged and skin grafts are often necessary.  Long-term management is intense with frequent bandage changes, cleaning of the wounds, antibiotic therapy and the need for multiple anesthetic procedures to repair and reconstruct the damaged areas.  The areas I've seen involved are often the hock joints, the flanks and the abdominal skin.

Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
STSS seems to be a generalized or systemic form of streptococcal infection.  Streptococcus canis in a potent exotoxin producer and it is thought that in cases of STSS the toxin may be responsible for the rapid progression of sepsis, shock and multi-organ failure (MODS).  On necropsy these dogs show severe edema of the gastrointestinal tract, congestion of multiple organs, severe pulmonary (lung) congestion and evidence of thromboembolism (blood clots) all pointing to shock due to sepsis or toxemia.  These dogs typically die within 24-48 hours in spite of aggressive fluid therapy, antibiotic treatment and intensive supportive care.

Clinical signs in the localized form of STSS, necrotizing fasciitis, consist of areas of skin bruising, dead skin and/or areas of sloughing where the skin is falling away.  Usually there is a pus discharge from these areas.  The dogs are very painful, running a high temperature, depressed and, in general, sick dogs.  Often there is a history of an FSF episode, dog fight wounds, or other traumatic event.  In the generalized or systemic form of STSS symptoms have a much more rapid onset and are more shock-like such as severe weakness, rapid heart rate, pale mucous membranes, extreme pain, collapse, coma and acute death.  Many of these dogs develop DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) which rapidly leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death despite heroic efforts at treatment.

The cause of this condition is unknown.  It is known that Streptococcus canis can be part of the normal bacterial flora of the dog and that NF and STSS have occurred in other breed.  Predisposing factors in the Shar-Pei may be related to:

1. The increased amounts of mucin in the subcutaneous tissues.
   
2. The prevalence of FSF in the breed.
   
3. The prevalence of dog fights and bite wounds in the breed.
   
4. An increase in skin laxity resulting in more trauma.
   
5. Immune system insufficiencies.
   
6. Perhaps an increased virulence of some strain of Streptococcus canis.

Diagnosis is based on the history of previous trauma or FSF episode, bacterial culture and sensitivity of discharges or tissue samples, and clinical signs.  One important point is that the organism is often resistant to enrofloxicin (Baytril®) and the aminoglycosides such as Amikacin® and Gentocin®.  Consider the use of multiple antibiotic therapy with agents such as Clavamox®, cephalexin, clindamycin, lincomycin, erythromycin, penicillin and the potentiated sulfas.  Of course, the best approach is based on sensitivity information from a culture, but that takes some time to generate. 

Treatment of the necrotizing fasciitis involves appropriate antibiotic selection and administration, and basic wound care of the affected areas.  I have seen dogs have recurrence of necrotizing fasciitis with repeat FSF episodes.  Usually they seem to slough out the same area every time.  Treatment of the STSS involves intensive care with intravenous fluid therapy, shock treatment with IV antibiotics, pain management, steroids (?), and intensive monitoring for the development of DIC, etc.  At this time the prognosis for systemic STSS must be considered very poor.

Increased owner awareness of NF and STSS, rapid initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy and intensive supportive care are the keys to survival in this condition.  An excellent article on STSS appeared in the October 15, 1996 issue of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Volume 209, Number 8, pages 1421-1426 by C. Miller, J. Prescott, K. Mathews et al. entitled "Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome in Dogs".